While it might seem like just another piece of financial paperwork, this public document can reveal a great deal about a foundation’s priorities, funding history, and, most importantly, how to apply for a grant. Here’s how to put the 990-PF to work for your organization.

Step 1: Locate the Foundation’s 990-PF

The first step is to access the foundation’s most recent 990-PF. This can be done through several online resources. Candid/Guidestar and ProPublica’s Nonprofit Explorer both offer free access to these forms. If your organization has the budget or need for deeper research, the Foundation Directory Online (a paid service by Candid) offers even more comprehensive insights, including advanced search filters and analytics tools.

Once you’ve located the foundation’s filing, download the PDF version of the 990-PF so you can search it and scroll through the sections easily.

Step 2: Read Part XV – Supplementary Information

One of the most useful sections of the 990-PF for grantseekers is Part XV – Supplementary Information. This is where foundations typically disclose their grant application procedures. Here, you’ll often find details such as whether or not the foundation accepts unsolicited proposals, the application method (e.g., written letter of inquiry, formal proposal, online application portal), and the timeline or deadlines for submission.

This section may also list any required forms or attachments that must be submitted with your proposal. Many foundations will also include contact information for program officers or administrators, which can be invaluable if you have follow-up questions. It’s also common to find funding restrictions in this section. For example, some foundations only support organizations located in specific regions or with particular missions, or they may exclusively fund pre-selected grantees.

A helpful tip: if you see the phrase “Applications not accepted”, that usually means the foundation is invitation-only, they identify and invite organizations to apply rather than considering unsolicited proposals. While that might sound discouraging, keep reading!

Step 3: Examine the Schedule of Contributions

Still within Part XV, look at Line 3 or any associated attachments. This area includes the Schedule of Contributions, which lists all the foundation’s past grantees. This section is particularly valuable because it helps you answer two key questions: Who is this foundation already funding? and What types of projects do they support?

By reviewing past grantees, you can begin to evaluate whether your organization’s mission and work align with the foundation’s giving history. You can also note the size of grants awarded, frequency of funding, and whether they tend to support new grantees or stick with a consistent group. If you find a similar organization to yours that has received funding, it might be worth reaching, it’s definitely a sign you should reach out to the foundation to introduce your organization.

Step 4: Visit the Foundation’s Website

If the 990-PF lists a website in the contact information section (typically at the top or in Part I), go to that site first. Many foundations provide more current and detailed instructions for applicants on their websites, and sometimes the information is more accessible or better explained than in the tax form.

Look for tabs labeled “Grantmaking,” “How to Apply,” “Funding Priorities,” or “For Nonprofits.” These sections may include downloadable guidelines, application portals, or even email addresses for submitting inquiries. The website might also provide updates on deadlines, newly launched initiatives, or changes to the foundation’s strategic focus that aren’t yet reflected in the 990.

Step 5: Look for Key People – Trustees and Staff

If you can’t find clear application instructions, don’t give up. Scan Part VI or Part VIII of the 990-PF to identify the foundation’s officers, directors, trustees, or staff. These individuals are often deeply involved in funding decisions, and sometimes you’ll find names you recognize or connections within your own network.

Knowing who’s on the board or leadership team can help you make a warm introduction or plan strategic outreach. In some cases, you might even discover that someone in your organization has a connection to a trustee or past grantee who could open the door.

What If the 990 Says “Not Accepting Applications”?

Many foundations, especially family foundations, operate on an invitation-only basis. If the 990 says they don’t accept unsolicited proposals, that doesn’t necessarily mean you’re out of options.

It’s still possible to build a relationship with the foundation. You might do this by attending the same community events, engaging with them on LinkedIn, or connecting through shared partners. If you know another nonprofit that has been funded by the foundation, consider asking for an introduction or learning more about how they were selected. Over time, showing alignment with their mission and staying on their radar can increase the chances of being invited to apply in the future.

In Conclusion, Final Thoughts

Learning how to read and interpret a foundation’s 990-PF can dramatically improve your fundraising strategy. It saves you time by helping you target funders who are most likely to support your work and gives you insider knowledge about application procedures, deadlines, and funding history. While it might feel a bit like doing detective work at first, with a little practice, you’ll be able to scan a 990 like a pro and uncover new funding opportunities for your mission.